Benedictine Bernard de Ponthieu
The Tironensian Order or the Order of Tiron was a
Roman Catholic monastic order named after the location of the mother abbey
(Tiron Abbey, French: Abbaye de la Sainte-Trinité de Tiron, established in
1109) in the woods of Tiron (sometimes Thiron) in Perche, some 35 miles west of
Chartres in France).
They were nicknamed "Grey Monks" because of
their grey robes, which their spiritual cousins, the monks of Savigny, also
wore.
Founder
Bernard of Thiron
The order, or congregation, of Tiron was founded in
about 1106 by the Benedictine Bernard de Ponthieu, also known as Bernard
d'Abbeville (1046-1117), born in a small village near Abbeville, Ponthieu.
Tonsured at the Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Cyprien in
Poitiers around the year 1070, Bernard left the order in 1101 when his
nomination as abbot of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe was disapproved by Cluny and
Pope Paschal II. From then on Bernard lived first as a hermit on the island of
Chausey, between Jersey and Saint-Malo, then in the woods of Craon, near
Angers, with two other rigorist monks: Robert d'Arbrissel, future founder of
the controversial Abbey of Fontevraud, and Vitalis de Mortain, later the
founder of the Congregation of Savigny in 1113. Following the example of the
Desert Fathers, all three men and their followers (men and women) lived
detached from the world, in great poverty and strict penance.
Followers of Bernard of Thiron
Adelelmus was a hermit and disciple of St. Bernard of
Thiron. Born in Flanders, Belgium, Aldelelmus is best known for founding the
Monastery of Etival-en-Charnie (fr).
Tiron Abbey
The foundation of Tiron Abbey by Bernard of Abbeville
was part of wider movements of monastic reform in Europe in the eleventh and
twelfth centuries. As a pre-Cistercian reformer, Bernard's intention was to
restore the asceticism and strict observance of the Rule of St. Benedict in
monastic life, insisting on manual labour. He founded his monastery on land in
Thiron-Gardais granted to him by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, and placed it under
the protection of the cathedral canons of Chartres, instead of a secular
overlord. This assured that decisions affecting the Abbey were made by a
corporate religious body.
They were nicknamed "Grey Monks" because of their grey robes.
Bernard admitted artisans and encourage them to
produce goods for sale. During years of famine, Tiron endured great poverty and
became a refugee camp and soup kitchen. During the famine of 1109–1111 the
Abbey sheltered whole families. Tiron had a school; and after Bernard's death,
built houses so that lay women could reside within its walls under the care and
protection of the monks.
Tironensian Order
Tiron was the first of the new religious orders to
spread internationally. Within less than five years of its creation, the Order
of Tiron owned 117 priories and abbeys in France, England, Wales, Scotland and
Ireland.
St Dogmaels Abbey
In 1113 Robert FitzMartin granted the Tironensians
land and money to found the order's first house in Wales, St Dogmaels,
Pembrokeshire, which was established on the site of a clas (early Celtic
church), which dated back to at least 600 AD. Closed during the Dissolution of
the monasteries, much of the stone was quarried for other uses.
Kelso
Abbey
In Scotland, the Tironensians were the monks and
master craftsmen who built and occupied (until the Reformation) the abbeys of
Selkirk (later re-located to Kelso (1128), Arbroath (1178), and Kilwinning
(1140+). The first two abbots of Selkirk became, in turn, abbots at Tiron.
During the tenure of William of Poitiers as abbot, Tiron established abbeys and
priories along the north-south trade routes from Chartres to the navigable
Seine and Loire rivers. Under him, the abbey owned at least one ship that
traded in Scotland and Northumberland. Tiron adopted a system of annual general
chapters. In 1120, Abbot William decreed that abbots from overseas need only
attend once in every three years. Arnold, Abbot of Kelso, founded the cathedral
church at St. Andrews. In France, the order was integrated into the new
Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur in 1627.
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